FAQ
Any additional questions? Discover more about the structure, objectives and functionalities of our case law database below.
The contents of this database are intended solely for scholarly and non-commercial purposes. No infringement of existing copyrights is intended. Should you be the holder of copyrights and believe that your rights are infringed by any content contained in this database, we kindly request that you notify us. Any content subject to objection will, upon review, be promptly removed or appropriately modified.
Why a database on law and antisemitism?
Very little attention has been given to if, when and how the legal form addresses antisemitism. This project’s overarching goal is to help fill this research gap by making relevant court cases accessible. Finding and accessing court decisions in general is challenging. Published law reports, case law digests, legal databases or other online case law collections typically favour decisions from higher courts or those considered pivotal to legal doctrine and overlook older cases and decisions from lower courts. This lack of transparency and accessibility leaves researchers and legal practitioners without crucial information. Moreover, the available cases in online databases predominantly focus on compensation for Nazi-related crimes, leaving contemporary instances of antisemitism underrepresented.
Seeing Antisemitism Through Law: a case law database is designed to bridge this gap by offering:
- Easy access: ensuring that decisions relating to antisemitism are readily available to the public, facilitating both awareness and understanding.
- Support for legal practitioners: providing a comprehensive repository of historic and contemporary cases, empowering legal professionals to approach cases related to antisemitism with confidence.
- A catalyst for research: stimulating in-depth investigations into the relationship between antisemitism and legal frameworks, and fostering a deeper comprehension of how justice systems have interpreted antisemitism over time.
- Awareness and understanding: highlighting the critical issue of antisemitism within judicial proceedings and promoting a broader awareness of its legal implications.
How is the case law collection structured?
Using menu items, a map view, filters and a search bar it is possible to conduct targeted searches for specific cases as well as to get a broad overview of judicial responses to specific incidences of antisemitism. The navigation menu for the database is at the top of the page:
- In the “About" section you can find all the relevant information about the project, the database, how it functions, how the data was collected and more.
- All collected cases are displayed in the "Case law collection" section. You can choose between a map view, a card view or a table.
- The menu item Submit a case allows you to inform us of possible interesting cases that are relevant for the database.
How does the search function work?
Use menu items, a map view, filters and the search bar to conduct targeted searches for specific cases as well as to get a broad overview of judicial responses to specific incidences of antisemitism. The navigation menu is at the top of the page.
It is possible to search the entire case law database – including within the court case PDFs – using the search bar and a desired keyword.
- Use * for a wildcard search. For example, "juris*" will match words such as jurisdiction, jurisdictional, jurists, jurisprudence, etc.
- Use ? for a single character wildcard. For example, "198?" will match 1980 to 1989 and also 198a, 198b, etc.
- You can find an exact term match by enclosing your search string within quotation marks. For example, "France" with quotation marks will produce different results to France without them.
- Use ~ for proximity searches. For example, "the law"~5 will find any instance of "the" and "law" occurring within a distance of five words, such as "the antisemitic law" or "the specific status of the law".
- Use AND, OR and NOT for Boolean searches. For example, "compensation AND restitution NOT Poland" will match anything containing both the words “compensation” and “restitution” but not containing the word “Poland”.
How can searches be narrowed down?
The filter menu on the right allows you to narrow your search by choosing a period, a specific Year, a Type of Court, an Area of Law or a Subject when in cards mode. Some filters, like Year and Type of Court, rely on meta-data attached to court cases. The filter category Subject sorts cases into different thematic groups. This makes it easy to find cases relating to topics such as Compensation, Restitution, Artistic Freedom and Israel-related Incidents.
These are the most frequent subjects:
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348Compensation claims
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70Restitution
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264Freedom of speech
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300Hate speech and Incitement
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218Discrimination
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24Freedom of the arts
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20Insult of officials of the state
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109Other
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50Pogroms and violent attacks
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0Religious antisemitism
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7Withdrawal of Citizenship
Importantly, the subjects are not mutually exclusive and thus several subjects can be assigned to a single court decision.
How can I learn more about each case?
Once you have found the case you are looking for, you can investigate further by clicking on the card or the “View” button. You can then obtain information about the case such as a short description, the date of the judgement or the name of the court. Each case description follows a similar pattern: [Substantive issue (specific legal terms in original language in brackets, i.e. Polish, French, German)] – [additional contextual info on proceedings and antisemitic dimension] [legal norm]
This symbol ⇄ shows you connected cases. If available, the court decision opens in pdf-Format automatically. We are working on providing pdfs for every court decision. Due to problems of accessibility and questions of copyright this is not always possible.
Why are only some pdfs for court decisions available?
Court decisions in France, Germany and Poland are in the public domain and can therefore be published and distributed with few restrictions. 1 In the United Kingdom, law report publishers were solely responsible for the publication of cases – at least, prior to 20002 – rather than courts.2 Authors base their headnote and summary of the case on a judge’s text or the transcription of a verbal judgment and thus retain the intellectual property of the published judgment. 3 As a result, and at least for the time being, UK decisions are not published so the database instead provides a link to the decision, which is sometimes behind a paywall.
Footnotes
1 In Germany the right to publish court decisions is limited by the requirements for the protection of personality rights, which in some cases require anonymization, see e.g. Adrian/Dykes/Evert et. al., Entwicklung und Evaluation automatischer Verfahren zur Anonymisierung von Gerichtsentscheidungen, LTZ 2022, 233 (235). ↩
2 Law-database provides access to Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court and Upper Tribunal decisions under the Open Justice License, see Ministry of Justice, Open Justice: the way forward. See: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/news/the-national-archives-to-publish-court-judgments/ [last accessed: 19.06.2023].↩
3 Leith/Fellows, Enabling Free On-line Access to UK Law Reports: The Copyright Problem, 80. ↩
What do all the abbreviations mean?
Law relies on many abbreviations. To make this database as accessible as possible, we list the most important abbreviations and their full terms here.
Germany:
| Abbreviation | Full Form |
|---|---|
| AREG | Rückerstattungsgesetz für die Amerikanische Zone |
| Art | Artikel |
| AktG | Aktiengesetz |
| BayVwVfG | Bayerisches Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz |
| BeamtStG | Gesetz zur Regelung des Statusrechts der Beamtinnen und Beamten in den Ländern |
| BEG | Bundesentschädigungsgesetz |
| BGB | Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch |
| BPersVG | Bundespersonalvertretungsgesetz |
| BRAnwO | Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung |
| BVFG | Bundesvertriebenengesetz |
| BWGöD | Bundesgesetz zur Wiedergutmachung im öffentlichen Dienst |
| EGBGB | Einführungsgesetz zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch |
| EMRK | Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention |
| GG | Grundgesetz |
| GVG | Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz |
| HDG | Hessisches Disziplinargesetz |
| JuSchG | Jugendschutzgesetz |
| KRG | Kontrollratsgesetz |
| KUG | Kunsturhebergesetz |
| NS-VEntschG | NS-Verfolgtenentschädigungsgeset |
| RAnwOBrZ | Rechtsanwaltsordnung für die britische Zone |
| REAO | Rückerstattungsanordnung |
| SGB | Sozialgesetzbuch |
| VermG | Vermögensgesetzt |
| VOBIBrZ | Verordnungsblatt für die britische Zone |
| VwGO | Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung |
| WGSVG | Gesetz zur Regelung der Wiedergutmachung nationalsozialistischen Unrechts in der Sozialversicherung |
| ZPO | Zivilprozessordnung |
| ZRBG | Gesetz zur Zahlbarmachung von Renten aus Beschäftigungen in einem Ghetto |